Built at the end of the sixteenth century on a reticular plan, an instrument of the martyrdom of San Lorenzo, the Monastery of El Escorial stands in a place of exceptional beauty in Castile. Its austere architecture, which departs from earlier styles, had an abundant influence on Spanish architecture for more than part of a century. It was the retirement of a mystical king and became, in the last years of Philip II’s reign, the center of the greatest political force of the time.
Built at the end of the sixteenth century on a floor plan that reproduces the shape of a grille, an instrument of the martyrdom of San Lorenzo, the Monastery of El Escorial stands in a place of exceptional beauty in Castile. In its sobriety it broke with the prevailing taste of the time, its architecture exerted an abundant influence in Spain for almost part of a century. A retreat of a mystical king, El Escorial was, in the last years of Philip II’s reign, the center of the greatest political force of the time.
埃斯科里亚尔修道院建于公元16世纪末，位于环境优美的卡斯蒂尔. 形格子结构,这样的设计是为了纪念殉难的基督教徒圣劳伦斯,因为他当年就是被这样 的刑具折磨致死的。 这种简朴且与以往截然不同的建筑风格影响了西班牙半个多世纪。 这里还曾是一位神秘国王的隐居之所。 到菲利普二世统治后期，这里成为当时最强 大的政治力量中心.
On the plane this monastery arrived at the HVI Congress. In the most prominent domain of Castile there is a large number of studies on what the legend tells, the youngest being the SUV. Laurent. The architect who built himself, unlike past styles, discovered the ideal solution for architecture in complex technical spaces ны столетия. This is what happened to Russia in the last years of the political era of Philip II.
Built at the end of the sixteenth century with paintings in the shape of a grill – reminiscent of the tortures inflicted on the martyr San Lorenzo with this instrument – the Monastery of El Escorial is located in a Castilian landscape of singular beauty. The austerity of his taste broke with imperative architectural finishes, later exerting a proven influence on the Spanish architecture of the older century. The position of the retreat of the mystic King Philip II in principle, the monastery was in the last years of his reign, the center of the political strength of this monarch, the greatest hard of his time.
The Monastery of Escoriaal is located in an exclusive domain of Castile. A sixteenth-century volgens created a plattegrond in the shape of a rooster, the tool for Sint Laurentius’ hammeraarschap. The sober architect of the monastery – a piece in Voorgaande styles – had been concerned with the Spanish architecture that made up more than one part of the space. The monastery was the position where the king fought during the last day of King Philip II, in the midst of the most important politics of the time.
Brief Summary
Built at the end of the 16th century, the Monastery of El Escorial is located in a place of exceptional beauty at the foot of the Sierra de Guadarrama, north of Madrid. The retirement of a mystical king, Philip II, El Escorial was the last years of his reign was the center of the greatest political force of the time.
Philip II founded the monastery in 1563 as a votive monument and pantheon of Spanish monarchs since Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. The complex but undeniable plan of the monastery was designed through John the Baptist of Toledo, a Spanish disciple of Michelangelo, the Sistine paintings. Chapel; the monument was completed by Juan de Herrera after Toledo’s death.
The royal includes the monastery, a huge stone complex surrounded by French gardens and monks’ gardens, the Maison des Métiers, and the Company’s quarters that housed the monastery’s palace and services. In the 18th century, the new Maisons des Métiers were built to complete the Lonja (the public stone building). Subsequently, a small town arose around the monastery, a style typical of the Age of Enlightenment that housed the court and the two country apartments of the sons of Charles III.
Inside the large volume of the monastery is a set of several buildings: the monastery, the church, the royal palace, the college, the seminary and the royal library, brilliantly arranged around 11 main courtyards and 3 service courtyards. According to some, the floor plan of the monument reproduces the shape of a grille, a tool of the martyrdom of St. Lawrence. Its austere architecture, the sobriety of the so-called “Herrerian” taste contrasts sharply with past tastes and has strongly influenced Spanish architecture for more than part of a century. Several rooms, however, benefit from the richness of a sublime ornament that new writers have celebrated as an artistic model: the “Eighth Wonder of the World. “
The Royal Monastery and the enclosure of San Lorenzo de l’Escorial make up a complex that symbolises the ideological and artistic expression that drove and represented the Spanish Catholic Monarchy in the Golden Age, between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as well as its permanence until the end of the nineteenth century. the Ancien Régime.
Criterion (i): The Monastery and Site of El Escorial in Madrid constitute a masterpiece of human artistic genius where the wonderful collective paintings of artists conformed to the will and orders of King Philip II.
Criterion (ii): The Monastery and the site of El Escorial make explicit a vital exchange of human values and symbolize the ideological and artistic expression that influenced the evolution of architecture, monumental arts, and landscape design of the Spanish Golden Age. This architectural complex is an example of a palace-convent with an urban and landscape plan like the one built during the European Christian monarchies. Its final eighteenth-century layout makes it one of the most representative examples of the Royal Site – the villa of court apartments – established through the monarchy as the seat and symbol of its power.
Criterion (vi): The Monastery and the site of the Escorial in Madrid are directly related to very vital personalities in European and global history, such as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and all his descendants from the Houses of Austria and the House of Bourbon who occupied the throne of Spain, specifically Philip II. The office exemplifies the ideology of the society and the austere pomp and ceremonial with which it represented this divine and temporal majesty.
Integrity
The inscribed heritage covers 94 ha. The original monuments, erected during the reign of Philip II – the main buildings of the monastery and the Casa de Oficios – as well as those built under Charles III, in the eighteenth century, which constituted the new city have become Royal Sites. of San Lorenzo, are perfectly intact. The unity of the buildings erected under Philip II is preserved two centuries later thanks to the skill of the royal architect, Juan de Villanueva. This monument was, indeed, an example of an absolute architectural style for the time. academics of the Age of Enlightenment.
The transformation of most of the estate’s pastures into royal forests in the 19th century, and the progress of the city in the 19th and 20th centuries, had no negative effect on the conservation of the monument or on the belief of its image. The herbaceous landscape of the Herrería estate and the herbaceous landscape of the monument are through the National Heritage.
Authenticity
The geographical location and landscape heterogeneity surrounding the monument have been maintained. The original buildings built during the reign of Philip II, as well as those built during the reign of Charles III, have been preserved with total respect for the plan, layout and interaction. of open spaces and closed volumes, the fabrics and the spirit of the whole. The austere character of the monument itself is helping to keep this spirit alive.
The functional dynamism of the main building, designed for the coexistence of monastic and court life, is perpetuated through the compatibility of its existing functions: devout (the Augustinians have ruled the monastery since the 19th century); educational – thanks to the Royal College founded by Alfonso XII in 1875; and cultural – through the cultural and museological studies it generates.
Protection and control requirements.
The general framework for the coverage and control of monuments is necessarily established through Law 23/1982 which regulates the National Heritage Office of Spain and which includes the Royal Palace -with the monastery-, the Casita del Príncipe with its vegetable lawn and farmland, the Casita de Arriba, the Casas de Oficios and the Rooms of the Queen and the Infantes. The Office is responsible for the coverage, conservation and enhancement of the homes and rights of the National Heritage, as well as the sponsorship of the Royal Board of Trustees of the Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial.
The complex of buildings is still managed through the Board of Directors of the National Heritage, a body that manages the legacy of the Spanish Crown and has under its cover the most vital monuments of the Royal Foundation, keeping its unity up to date. Given its mission, the Office is responsible for maintaining coherence between the elements, favouring the use of fabrics and classic construction techniques as appropriate. To this end, it carries out intervention and conservation projects for movable and movable property and also implements works to cover nature. angelesns. The Plos angelesn of Environmental Protection of the Bosque de los angeles Herrería will be the main tool for the elaboration of plos angelesns for the coverage of the soon vegetative landscape of the asset.
Various complementary regulations provide different degrees of coverage and conservation of the monument and its surroundings, the latter being among the most vulnerable elements due to the risk posed by urban development.
The other dwellings are included in the Heritage Inventory of the Spanish State as monuments, historic gardens or historic ensembles, depending on the category of elements that corresponds to them.
At the regional level, the Government of the Autonomous Community of Madrid has classified the Royal Site as an Asset of Cultural Interest (BIC) in the category of “Historical Territory” as a component of the Historic Fence of Philip II (the historic precinct of Philip II). The Regional List of Threatened Species of Fauna and Flora also protects trees that are remarkable.
At the local level, parts of property are recorded in the applicable Protection Inventories of local authorities.
In terms of land use planning, the Natural Resources Management Plan of the Sierra de Guadarrama seeks the conservation of assets through the reflection of a massive, disorderly or disruptive urban development, and combining the conservation of ancient heritage with the preservation of the environment.
The coverage and control of the heritage and its landscape will continue through a comprehensive, incorporated and interdisciplinary strategy, adding a method of preventive conservation and coverage of the architectural complex in accordance with the will and evolution of society.